Что такое вариант использования?
Вариант использования — это методология, используемая в системном анализе для выявления, уточнения и организации системных требований.
Диаграмма варианта использования
Диаграмма вариантов использования моделирует различные типы пользователей, взаимодействующих с системой для решения проблемы. Таким образом, он описывает цели пользователей, взаимодействие между пользователями и системой и требуемое поведение системы для достижения этих целей.
Варианты использования определяют взаимодействие между внешними субъектами и системой для достижения конкретных целей. Диаграмма вариантов использования содержит четыре основных компонента.
( Редактировать приведенный выше пример диаграммы вариантов использования )
Диаграмма вариантов использования состоит из ряда элементов модели. Наиболее важными элементами модели являются:
Актер
Актерами обычно являются лица, вовлеченные в систему, определенные в соответствии со своими ролями. Действующим лицом может быть человек или другая внешняя система.
Вариант использования
Вариант использования описывает, как субъекты используют систему для достижения определенной цели. Варианты использования обычно инициируются пользователем для достижения целей, описывающих действия и варианты, связанные с достижением цели.
Отношение
Взаимоотношения между действующими лицами и варианты использования.
Системная граница
Граница системы определяет интересующую систему по отношению к окружающему миру.
Характеристики варианта использования
Вариант использования (или набор вариантов использования) имеет следующие характеристики:
- Организует функциональные требования
- Моделирует цели взаимодействия системы/актора (пользователя)
- Записывает пути (называемые сценариями ) от триггерных событий к целям .
- Описывает один основной поток событий (также называемый основным планом действий) и, возможно, другие, называемые исключительными потоками событий (также называемые альтернативными курсами действий).
- Является многоуровневым, так что один вариант использования может использовать функциональность другого.
Вариант использования и сценарий использования?
Вариант использования состоит из набора возможных последовательностей взаимодействий между системами и пользователями в конкретной среде и связанных с конкретной целью.
Что внутри варианта использования?
Он состоит из группы элементов (например, классов и интерфейсов), которые можно использовать вместе таким образом, что эффект будет больше, чем сумма отдельных элементов вместе взятых. Вариант использования должен содержать все системные действия, которые имеют значение для пользователей.
Тип вариантов использования
Существенные варианты использования выражены в идеальной форме, которая остается относительно свободной от технологий и деталей реализации; дизайнерские решения откладываются и абстрагируются, особенно те, которые связаны с пользовательским интерфейсом.
Конкретный или реальный вариант использования конкретно описывает процесс с точки зрения его реального текущего дизайна, связанного с конкретными технологиями ввода и вывода и так далее. Когда речь идет о пользовательском интерфейсе, часто показывают снимки экрана и обсуждают взаимодействие с виджетами.
Абстрактный вариант использования не является полным и не имеет субъекта, который его инициирует, но используется другими вариантами использования.
Структурирование вариантов использования
UML определяет три стереотипа связи между вариантами использования:
<<включить>> Пример использования
Время использовать отношение <<include>> наступает после того, как вы завершили первое описание всех ваших основных вариантов использования. Теперь вы можете просмотреть варианты использования и определить общие последовательности взаимодействия пользователя с системой.
<<расширить>> Вариант использования
Расширенный вариант использования фактически является альтернативой базовому варианту использования. Вариант использования «расширить» выполняет это, концептуально вставляя дополнительные последовательности действий в последовательность базового варианта использования.
Абстрактный и обобщенный вариант использования
Общий вариант использования является абстрактным. Его нельзя создать, так как он содержит неполную информацию. Название абстрактного варианта использования выделено курсивом.
Пример
В этом примере показана модель нескольких бизнес-прецедентов (целей), которая представляет собой взаимодействие между рестораном (бизнес-системой) и его основными действующими лицами.
После того, как базовые варианты использования были определены в первом варианте, возможно, мы могли бы дополнительно структурировать эти варианты использования с помощью <<extend>> и <<include>> вариантов использования во втором раунде, как показано на рисунке ниже:
( Редактировать приведенный выше пример диаграммы вариантов использования )
Структурирование вариантов использования с пакетами
Диаграмма вариантов использования может содержать пакеты, которые используются для структурирования вариантов использования для упрощения анализа, разработки и обслуживания системы.
( Редактировать приведенный выше пример диаграммы вариантов использования )
Модель вариантов использования и диаграмма вариантов использования
Большая часть модели вариантов использования на самом деле является текстовой, при этом текст фиксируется в спецификациях вариантов использования , которые связаны с каждым элементом модели вариантов использования. Эти спецификации описывают поток событий варианта использования.
Модель вариантов использования служит связующим звеном на протяжении всей разработки системы. Он используется в качестве первичной спецификации функциональных требований к системе, в качестве основы для анализа и проектирования, в качестве исходных данных для планирования итераций, в качестве основы для определения тестовых случаев и в качестве основы для пользовательской документации.
Пример: описание варианта использования
- Чтобы написать содержание варианта использования, вы начинаете с выбора одного из сценариев в качестве основного сценария.
- Вы начинаете основную часть варианта использования с написания основного сценария успеха в виде последовательности пронумерованных шагов.
- Затем вы берете другие сценарии и записываете их как расширения. Расширения могут быть успешными, как в 3a ниже, или неудачными, как в 6b ниже.
- У каждого варианта использования есть основное действующее лицо, которое обращается к системе для предоставления услуги.
- Каждый шаг варианта использования является элементом взаимодействия между пользователем и системой.
- Общий набор действий в варианте использования может быть повторно использован другим вариантом использования с помощью варианта использования <include>.
- В терминах UML мы говорим, что первый вариант использования включает в себя второй.
Купить продукт (взято из UML Distilled p101)
Основной сценарий успеха:
- Клиент просматривает каталог и выбирает товар для покупки.
- Клиент идет к кассе.
- Клиент заполняет информацию о доставке
- Система предоставляет полную информацию о ценах
- Клиент заполняет данные кредитной карты
- система разрешает покупку
- Система подтверждает продажу
- Система отправляет электронное письмо с подтверждением клиенту
Расширения
3а: Клиент является постоянным клиентом
.1 Система отображает текущую информацию о доставке
.2 Заказчик может принять или отменить
6a: Системе не удается авторизовать покупки в кредит
.1 Клиент может повторно ввести информацию о кредитной карте или отменить
Описание варианта использования, иллюстрированное Visual Paradigm
Поток событий и расширение
- Записывает пути (называемые сценариями ) от триггерных событий к целям .
Варианты использования и UML-моделирование
Сценарии использования можно использовать на нескольких этапах разработки программного обеспечения, таких как планирование системных требований, проверка проекта, тестирование программного обеспечения и создание схемы интерактивной справки и руководств пользователя. Итак, какова связь диаграммы вариантов использования с другими диаграммами UML в SDLC?
Выбор модели важен
Выбор модели для создания оказывает глубокое влияние на то, как решается проблема и как формируется решение. Нам нужно хорошо выбрать ваши модели.
- Правильные модели выявят наиболее важные проблемы разработки.
- Неправильные модели введут вас в заблуждение, заставив сосредоточиться на не относящихся к делу вопросах.
Например: мы можем использовать разные типы диаграмм для разных этапов разработки программного обеспечения.
использованная литература
- Обзор 14 типов диаграмм UML
- Что такое диаграмма классов?
- Что такое диаграмма компонентов?
- Что такое диаграмма развертывания?
- Что такое диаграмма объекта?
- Что такое пакетная диаграмма?
- Что такое составная структурная диаграмма?
- Что такое профильная диаграмма?
- Что такое диаграмма вариантов использования?
- Что такое Диаграмма активности?
- Что такое диаграмма состояний?
- Что такое диаграмма последовательности?
- Что такое коммуникационная диаграмма?
- Что такое обзорная диаграмма взаимодействия?
- Что такое временная диаграмма
- Описывает один основной поток событий (также называемый основным планом действий) и, возможно, другие, называемые исключительными потоками событий (также называемые альтернативными курсами действий).
- Является многоуровневым, так что один вариант использования может использовать функциональность другого.
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